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The government of France is a semi-presidential system determined by the French Constitution of the fifth Republic, in which the nation declares itself to be "an indivisible, secular, democratic, and social Republic". The constitution provides for a separation of powers and proclaims France's "attachment to the Rights of Man and the principles of national sovereignty as defined by the Declaration of 1789." The national government of France is divided into an executive, a legislative and a...

London's National Gallery, founded in 1824, houses a rich collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900 in its home on Trafalgar Square. The collection belongs to the British public and entry to the main collection is free, although there are charges for entry to special exhibitions. The National Gallery's beginnings were modest; unlike comparable galleries such as the Louvre in Paris or the Museo del Prado in Madrid, it was not formed by nationalising an...

The Wallraf-Richartz Museum is one of the three major museums in Cologne, Germany. It is an art gallery with a collection of fine art from the medieval period to the early twentieth century. Part of its collection was used for the establishment of Museum Ludwig in 1976. The Madonna in the Rose Bower, shown at right, is among the Gothic paintings in the collection of the Wallraf-Richartz Museum. It was created by Stefan Lochner, who lived between 1410 and 1451 in Germany, mainly working...

The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is an art museum located in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, USA, on 53rd Street, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. It has been singularly important in developing and collecting modernist art, and is often identified as the most influential museum of modern art in the world. The museum's collection offers an unparalleled overview of modern and contemporary art, including works of architecture and design, drawings, painting, sculpture, photography, prints,...

The National Gallery of Art is an art museum, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The museum was established in 1938 by the United States Congress, with funds for construction and a substantial art collection donated by Andrew W. Mellon plus major art works donated by Lessing J. Rosenwald, Italian art contributions from Samuel H. Kress, and more than 2,000 sculptures, paintings, decorative art, and porcelains from Joseph E. Widener. As a result of bequests such as these, the...

The School of the Art Institute of Chicago is one of America's premiere fine arts colleges, tied for first place in master's art education, and located in Chicago, Illinois. It is associated with the museum of the same name, The Art Institute of Chicago, but is not related to, nor should be confused with, the chain of schools known as The Art Institutes. SAIC is a professional college for the visual and related arts, accredited since 1936 by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools...

Walter Bendix Schönflies Benjamin (July 15, 1892 – September 27, 1940) was a German-Jew Marxist literary critic, essay, translator, and philosopher. He was at times associated with the Frankfurt School of critical theory and was also greatly inspired by the Marxism of Bertolt Brecht and Jewish mysticism as presented by Gershom Scholem. As a sociological and cultural critic, Benjamin combined ideas drawn from historical materialism, German idealism, and Jewish mysticism in a body of work which...

TBWAChiatDay is the American division of the advertising agency TBWA Worldwide. Created in the 1993 merger of TBWA and ChiatDay, the agency operates offices in Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco, Nashville, Toronto and Vancouver. Prior to the merger, Chiat/Day created internationally notable advertising, including 1984 (television commercial) for Apple Inc. that introduced the Macintosh computer. TBWA Worldwide is part of the global marketing group Omnicom, with a reputation for more...

The Munch Museum (Norwegian: Munchmuseet) is a museum in Oslo, Norway dedicated to the work and life of the painter Edvard Munch. Jeg Er Kuul Liiksom ! The museum was financed from the profits generated by the Oslo municipal cinemas and opened its doors in 1963 to commemorate what would have been the painter's 100th birthday. Its collection consists of works and articles willed by Munch to the municipality of Oslo, additional works donated by his sister Inger Munch, and various other works...

The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) is a major modern art museum and San Francisco landmark. It opened in 1935 under founding director Dr. Grace Morley (Grace L. McCann Morley, Director from 1935–1958) as the San Francisco Museum of Art, the first museum on the West Coast devoted solely to 20th-century art. For its first sixty years, the museum occupied upper floors of the War Memorial Veterans Building in the Civic Center. Under director Henry T. Hopkins (1974–1986) the museum...